In NFPA 70E's risk control hierarchy, which risk control method is the most effective (lowest number)?

• A. PPE
• B. Substitution
• C. Elimination
• D. Engineering controls

Answer: (C)

NFPA 70E organizes risk controls by prioritizing hazard removal over protective measures that come after exposure is possible. The best option is elimination because it removes the hazard entirely so there is no opportunity for exposure. In practice, this means de-energizing or isolating equipment so workers never interact with live electrical parts, removing the danger at its source. Substitution is also strong—replacing a hazard with something less dangerous—but it isn’t always feasible in every situation. Engineering controls help reduce exposure through physical changes (like barriers or guards) but can still depend on correct implementation and may not eliminate the hazard completely. PPE provides protection only if exposure occurs and relies on proper use, fit, and maintenance, making it the least effective of the common controls.